ON EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS ACTIVATION IN LYMPHOID AND EPITHELIAL CANCER CELLS

Astakhova Lidiya; Matskova Lyudmila; Ernberg Ingemar

doi:doi:10.21603/2500-1418-2016-1-2-57-64

ON EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS ACTIVATION IN LYMPHOID AND EPITHELIAL CANCER CELLS

Отправить рукопись Скачать PDF
Текст

Цитировать

Цитирований:

ON EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS ACTIVATION IN LYMPHOID AND EPITHELIAL CANCER CELLS

Журнал: SCIENCE EVOLUTION Том 1 № 2 , 2016

Рубрики: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Astakhova Lidiya ¹

Matskova Lyudmila ²

Ernberg Ingemar ³

Информация об авторах и публикации

Авторы:

1. Karolinska Institute

Россия

2. Karolinska Institute

Россия

3. Karolinska Institute

Россия

Тип:

Статья

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21603/2500-1418-2016-1-2-57-64

Страницы:

с 57 по 64

Статус:

Опубликован

Получено:

30.12.2016

Одобрено:

30.12.2016

Опубликовано:

30.12.2016

Классификаторы:

ГРНТИ 29.01 Общие вопросы физики
ГРНТИ 27.01 Общие вопросы математики
ГРНТИ 31.01 Общие вопросы химии
ГРНТИ 34.01 Общие вопросы биологии

Язык материала:

английский

Ключевые слова:

Epstein-Barr virus, short-chain fatty acids, viral genes, virus reactivation, migration

Аннотация и ключевые слова

Аннотация (русский):
Symbiotic microbiota system functions in homeostasis maintenance of organism are performed through production of multiple microbial low-molecular-weight compounds. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have a special and multifunctional role among similar compounds. The most important SCFA is a butyric acid which provides barrier and metabolic functions mainly in large intestine. Hyperacetylasion of histones due to histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition is one of the key mechanisms, by dint of which the butyric acid influences biologically the large intestine atypical cells. Butyric acid influence at the molecular level is studied insufficiently, in particular, even taking into account all positive effects, there is a danger of reactivation of latent infections which are in cells in their latent form and which may enter acute lytic phase when the transcriptional apparatus is activated. This article presents the study results of butyric acid mechanisms of influence on replication process of Epstein-Barr virus in cancer cells of different origin. It is demonstrated that under the butyric acid influence in epithelial and lymphoid cells transition from latent virus phase to lytic one takes place by means of BZLF-1 and BRLF-1 genes activation. Besides, the butyric acid inhibiting effect on epithelial nasopharynx cancer cells migration in vitro is demonstrated. Based on the obtained data, conclusions were made concerning practicability of butyric acid studying for further use as a functional product in the fight against cancer.

Ключевые слова:
Epstein-Barr virus, short-chain fatty acids, viral genes, virus reactivation, migration

Текст

Текст произведения (PDF): Читать Скачать

INTRODUCTION It is generally recognized that gut microbiota has an enormous metabolic potential and plays an essential role in human health maintenance. Symbiotic microbiota system functions in homeostasis maintenance of organism are performed through production of multiple microbial low-molecular-weight compounds which are effectors, cofactors and/or signaling molecules which regulate speed and intensity of various physiological functions course, metabolic and behavioral reactions [1, 2]. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have a special and miscellaneous (multifunctional) role among similar compounds. SCFAs are carboxylic acids which has less than 6 carbon atoms in their compound. In recent decades there has been an increasing academic interest in studying of the SCFA physiological effects within the norm, their role in different gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) diseases pathophysiology, as well as in design and appearance of drugs (metabiotics) based on large intestine microbiota metabolites [3, 4]. Nowadays, a large number of data are accumulated in scientific literature which show conclusively the most important SCFA functional role in regulation of various physico-biochemical processes at the GI tract level, as well as at the entire organism in whole. The most important SCFA is a butyric acid which providesbarrier and metabolic functions mainly in large intestine [5, 6]. Butyrate plays an important role in normal colonocytes phenotype preservation by means of cell apoptosis regulation and intensification of DNA reparation processes [7, 8]. Thus, it was demonstrated that butyrate influences clearly gut cells aging in vitro, as well as in vivo, which is implemented through regulation of their proliferation and differentiation processes and normalization of cells correlation which are at proliferation or apoptosis stage [9, 10]. Hyperacetylasion of histones due to histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition is one of the key mechanisms, by dint of which the butyric acid influences biologically the large intestine atypical cells. This butyric acid quality compensates for imbalance in acetylation of histones which may lead to transcription dysregulation and inactivation of genes, controlling the number of cell division cycles, cell differentiation and apoptosis processes, as well as cancer pathological process [11, 12]. Please cite this article in press as: Astakhova L.A., Matskova L.V., Ernberg I. The studying of butyric acid influenceon Epstein-Barr virus activation in lymphoid and epithelial cancer cells. Science Evolution, 2016, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 57-64. doi: 10.21603/2500-1418-2016-1-2-57-64. Copyright © 2016, KemSU. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license. This article is published with open access at http:// science-evolution.ru/ Thus, regular regeneration of lower section mucous layer in the presence of butyrate allows to get rid of functionally dead coloncytes without dysfunction of the neighboring healthy cells and without occurrence of local inflammatory reactions. This is the most important mechanism of colonic mucosa tissue homeostasis maintenance because large intestine epithelium has a difference in the high speed of cell regeneration in comparison with other body tissues (a average coloncyte lifespan is 3 days), and an adequate energetic and plastic large intestine epithelium provision and proliferation and differentiation processes regulation are critical under these conditions [13, 14]. If we consider butyric acid as a therapeutic substance, its influence at the molecular level is studied insufficiently. In particular, even taking into account all positive effects, there is a danger of latent infections reactivation which are in cells in their latent form and which may enter acute lytic phase upon transcriptional apparatus activation [15]. One of the most widespread viruses is the Epstein- Barr virus (EBV). According to the data of most researchers, today approximately 80-90% of population are infected with EBV. EBV was firstly extracted from Burkitt’s lymphoma cells 35 years ago. It soon became known that the virus can cause mononucleosis and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Nowadays, it is established that EBV is associated with a number of cancer, mainly lymphoproliferative and autoimmune diseases (classic rheumatic diseases, vasculitis, nonspecific ulcerative colitis etc.) [16, 17]. There are two types of reproduction in cells, infected with this virus: lytic, that is leading to death, lysis of the host cell, and latent, when the number of viral copies are small and the cell is not destroyed. EBV can for a long time exist in B-lymphocytes and epitheliocytes of nasopharyngeal area and salivary glands. In acute or active infection lytic viral replication dominates [18, 19]. EBV proteins, synthesized at the early lytic infection stage, called early antigen complex, are expressed prior to DNA synthesis beginning, some of these proteins are associated with DNA replication. But the products of the late infection lytic stage are expressed after the DNA synthesis beginning and contain structural proteins, included in the virion compound, in their compound. The latter pass through the cytoplasmic membrane, becoming mature viral particles which can embed in not yet infected cells [20, 21]. The lytic EBV reproduction starts with viral genes expression: BZLF-1 and BRLF-1 which activate the early viral genes. In a state of latent reproduction only a small number of genes, responsible for the viral genome replication, remain in an active state. Some of the active genes influence different molecular and cell cascades, in particular, the signal activity through the transcription factor NF-kB which is of particular importance for latency maintenance. A state of latency is reversible, mechanisms, causing viral genome transcription reactivation, are studied insufficiently [22, 23]. The choice of the target gene was determined by the necessity to capture the moment between transitions from latent stage to lytic. Thus, at the lytic phase beginning the virus starts to produce a cascade of new proteins for the assembly of capsids and formation of active viral particles in cell. The proteins of immediate reaction BZLF1 (ZTA) and BRLF1 (RTA) play a substantial role in this process. EBV genome epigenetic reaction is the main regulation mechanism in determining different types of EBV infection in tumors, associated with it [24]. EBV produces up to 20 micro RNA in latently infected cells. They are located in two clusters: 14 micro RNA are located in the introns of the BARTA viral gene. BARTA micro RNA are expressed at a high level in latently infected epithelial cells, and at lower, though detected, levels - in B-cells. In other words, the BARTA gene expression is an indicator for the fact that the cells under studying really contain viral particles [25, 26]. However, despite the seeming negativity of the virus lytic replication phenomenon, this quality can be used for good when one deals with cancer cells, because viruses are able not only to destroy cancer cells physically, tearing them apart, but also to deliver genes into cells, increasing their sensitivity to usual chemotherapeutic drugs. Tumor-specific viral particles can be marked either with fluorescent dyes, or with radioisotopes. When they enter the body, they connect with tumor cells, making them detec Table [27, 28]. The objective of the article was to study the mechanisms of the butyric acid influence on virus replication processes in cancer cells of different origin. BZLF-1 and BRLF-1 genes were taken for studying which are activated in case of acute lytic infection, starting the process of viral particles collection. Primers to BARTA gene were used to prove the existence of the viral genome in cell, from this gene the virus RNA are transcribed at all kinds of phases. In addition, in this article issues, concerning cancer cells migration in culture in vitro, were studied because metastasis is one of the main problems when treating cancer. Metastasis is secondary growth foci of any malignant neoplasms. The basic cancer diseases result in formation of such foci in regional and local lymph nodes, lungs, liver, backbone etc. Cancer cells migration from the primary localization to the remote area is a difficult biological process which includes changes at the molecular, cell and physical level [29]. Based on the obtained data, one can make a conclusion concerning practicability of butyric acid studying for further use as a functional product in the fight against cancer. OBJECTS AND METHODS OF STUDY The subject matters of the study in this article were cell lines of different origin. The epithelial cell lines С666-1 and CNE2 were derived from undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma of South China origin. Growth regime is the attached monolayer. Cells are relatively big in diameter (12-15 μm), they have an irregular nucleus shift and nearly vast cytoplasm. С666-1 grow in clusters, CNE2 grow in even monolayer. Cells have an elongated shape, capable of taking an amoeboid appearance while moving. С666-1 cells are Epstein- Barr virus carriers in the long-run regime. The cell line CNE2 is the carrier of the artificially embedded plasmid of the viral membrane protein LMP2A, responsible for the primary cancer cells migration mechanisms which arise from Epstein-Barr virus, contained in them. It allows to use this cell line for studying the EBV-induced migration processes in vitro [30]. Raji is immortilized limphoid cells which also produce the Epstein-Barr virus. This cell line originates from the B-lymphocytes of the 11-year-old Nigerian male patient from Burkitt’s lymphoma. Cells are relatively big in diameter (5-8 μm); they have an irregular nucleus shift and nearly vast cytoplasm with free ribosomes which have a tendency for grouping. Generally, cells grow in clusters in suspension. Some cells have an elongated pear-shaped form, others have a round shape and are multinuclear. AGS is a cell line which originates from the cells of adenocarcinoma of the stomach of the 54-year-old woman who was living in the Caucasus without the prior treatment for cancer. It is the hyperploid human cell line. The modal chromosome number is 49 in 60% of cells. For the experiment the cell line was artificially infected with EBV. Growth regime is the attached monolayer. The cells are relatively big in diameter (10-15 μm) and have an irregular nucleus shift. Cell cultivation and reagent treatment Cell culture cultivation took place under the conditions of CO2-incubator in the atmosphere of 5% CO2, 100% humidity and at a temperature of 37°C. For lymphoid cells the medium RPMI 1640 Media was used with addition of Defined Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) to a concentration of 10%, L-Glutamine to a concentration of 5% and Penicillin-Streptomycin 100X Solution to a one-fold volume. The IMDM epithelial cell medium was prepared in the same manner except FBS, concentration of which was 15%. All the used reagents for cell cultivation were produced by the companies HyClone™, Thermo Scientific™. C666-1 and CNE2 epithelial culture cell growth was conducted in 20 ml of the IMDM medium with a concentration of 0.8х106/ml. Raji lymphoid culture cell growth was conducted in 20 ml of the RPMI medium with a concentration of 0.3х106/ml. The working acid solution preparation was conducted by means of dilution with the IMDM and RPMI medium to a concentration of 10 mM in case of butyric (Merck Kebo, Germany) and hydrochloric (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) acids. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) (TPA) was used at a concentration of 0.002% and was also diluted in mediums for cell line growth. Epithelial cells were transplanted on the 12-hole Tablet in the amount of 1х106/hole. In the experiment TPA was used as a positive control, being a widely known lytic virus replication inducer. When С666-1 was used, after seeding one waited 24 hours for the adhesive cell attachment. Then the medium was replaced by a new one with the acid solution in the volume of 1 ml/ hole. When treating the Raji lines acid treatment was conducted right after the seeding in the amount of 2 ml of the medium/hole. After 24 hours the cells were collected for total RNA separation. Total RNA separation To separate RNA the method according to the RNeasy Mini Kit Protocol (Qiagen, USA) was used with the use of this set of reagents. RNA quality and quantity was checked on the device NanoDrop 2000c UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. Then the total RNA pharmaceutical was treated with DNase I RNase-free (Thermo scientific, Sweden) at a concentration of 1U/mkL to remove the genomic DNA admixture. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction As a tool for execution of this item of study the kit RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Thermo scientific, EU) was used, the reaction was conducted according to the company protocol with the use of random hexamer primers. In RT-PCR reaction 1 µg of total RNA was selected for each sample. Test tubes with the ready mixture were placed in thermal cycler “PTC-200 peltier thermal cycler” with primer annealing regime of 25°C during 5 minutes, elongation of 42°C during 60 minutes and reaction inhibition of 70°C during 5 minutes. PCR with the use of DNA was conducted in the solution, prepared on the basis of ten-fold buffer solution for Taq DNA Polymerase, Recombinant (Thermo scientific, Sweden) with primer concentration of 0.8 mM and magnesium ion concentration of 2 mM. All other components were taken according to the protocol to the PCR conduction kit. Test tubes with the ready mixture were placed in thermal cycler “PTC- 200 peltier thermal cycler” with denaturation regime of 95°С during 20 seconds, primer annealing regime of 58°C during 15 seconds and elongation of 72°C during 20 seconds with the total number of cycles 36. The chosen primers were selected with the use of NCBI database of the Blast programme and ordered from the company Invitrogen™ Life Technologies and are represented in Table 1. Table 1. Primer parameters for PCR Target gene name Molecular mass of expected product Nucleotide sequence of selected primers BZLF1 255-bp FW GGGAGAAGCACCTCAACCTG RV TTGCTTAAACTTGGCCCGGC BRLF1 443-bp FW CAAACAGACGCAGATGAGGC RV GCGGTGCCTATGGTGGCAGG BARTA 232-bp FW AGAGACCAGGCTGCTAAACA RV AACCAGCTTTCCTTTCCGAG GAPDH 303-bp FW GATGACCTTGCCCACAGCCT RV ATCTCTGCCCCCTCTGCTGA For quantitative balancing of the results the primers for Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were used. GAPDH is one of the most important glycolytic enzymes because it conducts glycolitic oxidoreduction reaction, which results in high- energy compound formation - 1,3-diphosphoglycerat - and NADH. Is expressed in cells constantly, due to this it marks that the PCR reaction was successful, and also is a mathematical control, from the amount of which the results of the target gene expression are counted. The product detection was conducted in 1% agarose gel (Bionordika, Sweden) with addition of ethidium bromide (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) in one-fold buffer solution TAE. For this purpose, 15 mkL of thermal cycling reaction products were used, mixed with 5 mkL of the weight substance. Markers were used on 1 kb (Fermentas, USA). The reaction was conducted at a voltage of 11 V/cm. The results were detected in gel- documentation ChemiDoc™ XRS+ with the use of the application Image J. Cell migration studying The present study included the measurement of cells mobility by dint of the method of experimental wound or scratch healing, which were made in the monolayer. For this method adhesive cell cultures are neededwhich form the level monolayer on the Tablet surface. In our case the cell line CNE2 was used. The cell culture in the amount of 1 mln was placed on a standard 6-hole Tablet. After 24 hours a scratch was made and the components under studying were added. After 10 hours cells were dyed with an aqueous solution of crystal violet and the results were detected in the application Image Lab™ Software 170-82657. Western blot analysis The collected cells were lysed in buffer solution RIPA, which contain THAM base of 50 mM, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% of SDS, 0.5% of deoxycholic acid, 1% of Triton X100, 5% of protease inhibitors. The buffer solution was used in the amount of 100 mkL per one sample, then the samples were centrifuged at 13000 rpm and supernatant was selected. Then the samples were analyzed by dint of electrophoretic method in 4- 10% of polyacrylamide gel at a voltage of 140 V in electrophoretic cell Mini-PROTEAN® Tetra Vertical Electrophoresis Cell (Bio-Rad, USA). 15 µg of protein of each sample were applied to track, the concentration of which was measured in advance according to the Bradford method, as well as 2 mkL of 200 kDa marker (Fermentas, USA). Then the electrophoresis products were transferred by dint of dry transfer to nitrocellulose membrane at a voltage of 17 V during 40 minutes. The nitrocellulose membrane with proteins was incubated the whole night at a temperature of +4ºС in primary antibodies EBV ZEBRA Antibody (BZ1): sc- 53904 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), diluted in blocking buffer solution in the ratio of 1 to 100 which has in its compound 5% milk, diluted with PBS with addition of tween 20 to a concentration of 0.1%. Then the excessive antibodies were washed in the wash buffer solution which is a PBS with addition of tween 20 to a concentration of 0.1% during 30 minutes. Then the membrane was incubated with secondary antibodies Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)-HRP (BioRad, USA) and diluted in the blocking buffer solution in the ratio of 1 to 1000 at a room temperature during one hour, after that the membrane was washed in the same manner and detected with the use of the system Gel Doc™ XR+ Imager (Bio-Rad, USA). Then the membrane was incubated with antibodies β-Actin Antibody (C4): sc- 47778 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) in dilution in the blocking buffer solution in the ratio of 1 to 2000 at a room temperature during 2 hours. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION RT-PCR is a method of thermal cycling of ribonucleic acid (RNA) specific fragment. A single-stranded RNA molecule is converted into the complementary DNA (cDNA) in the reverse transcription reaction and then already the single-stranded DNA molecule is amplificated with the use of traditional PCR. For this purpose the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme is used. After the thermal cycling cycles millions of copies of the necessary sequence are formed. In the experiment RT-PCR is used as an indicator of the target gene expression. Fig. 1 shows the results of thermal cycling of fragments in the Raji cells system. In comparison with control cells, Raji cells, treated with butyric acid, demonstrated the significant increase in BZLF1, BRLF1 lytic genes expression in relation to GAPDH gene and BARTA gene (Fig. 2). Moreover, this pattern is not associated with stress, experienced by the cells in connection with the foreign components presence, because the this pattern is not linked to a pH decrease (Table 2). One more proof of this fact is that in cells, treated with hydrochlorhydric acid, we did not observe the induction of the early lytic genes expression. Fig. 1. Thermal cycling products of Epstein-Barr virus early lytic genes in the Raji cell line: 1-2 - 10 mM butyric acid, 3-4 - 10 mM hydrochlorhydric acid, 5-6 - TPA, 7-8 - control, 9-10 - PCR-control. Fig. 2. Results of Epstein-Barr virus early lytic genes thermal cycling in relation to GAPDH in the Raji cell line: 1 - 10 mM butyric acid, 2 - 10 mM hydrochlorhydric acid, 3 - TPA, 4 - control. Similar pattern was in epithelial cells (Fig. 3-6) where butyric acid was an active inducer of the lytic gene cascade activation start. Thus, 10 mM butyric acid inducecc the lytic replication in cancer cells by means of «silent» genetic sites activation. Fig. 3. Thermal cycling products of Epstein-Barr virus early lytic genes in the cell line С666-1: 1 - control, 2 - 10 mM hydrochlorhydric acid, 3 - 10 mM butyric acid, 4 - TPA, 5 - PCR-control. Fig. 4. Results of Epstein-Barr virus early lytic genes thermal cycling in relation to GAPDH in the cell line С666-1: 1 - control, 2 - 10 mM hydrochlorhydric acid, 3 - 10 mM butyric acid, 4 - TPA. Fig. 5. Thermal cycling products of Epstein-Barr virus early lytic genes in the AGS cell line: 1 - control, 2 - 10 mM hydrochlorhydric acid, 3 - 10 mM butyric acid, 4 - TPA. Fig. 6. Results of Epstein-Barr virus early lytic genes thermal cycling in relation to GAPDH in the AGS cell line: 1 - control, 2 - 10 mM hydrochlorhydric acid, 2 - 10 mM butyric acid, 4 - TPA. According to the set of experiments butyric acid initiates at the level of RNA the cascade of the EBV virus lytic infection in cells. In addition, the obtained results were proved at the protein level by dint of Western blot analysis in the cell lines under studying (Fig. 7). The obtained results testify to the absence of positive signals in control cells in comparison with cells, treated with butyric acid. These results attest to the ones, obtained during the RNA analysis, and if earlier we were dealing with weak confirmation signals of early lytic genes activity in cell, then the present results testify to the start of infection lytic stage course which leads to the collection of viral particles, causing cell death. Fig. 7. 1 - Raji, treated with 10 mM butyric acid, 2 - Raji, treated with 10 mM hydrochlorhydric acid, 3 - С666-1, treated with 10 mM butyric acid, 4 - С666-1, treated with 10 mM hydrochlorhydric acid, 5 - AGS, treated with 10 mM butyric acid, 6 - AGS, treated with 10 mM hydrochlorhydric acid. Lytic autonomous infection causes cell death. Multiplying in cell, the virus induces synthesis of virus- specific proteins, capable to one extent or another of suppressing cell metabolism. During the reproduction cycle viral components are accumulated in cell which have a damaging effect on cell structure. In the lysosome damage process the contents are freed and cell autolysis is conducted [31]. Lytic autonomous infection can be activated by several reasons, one of which is medium conditions deterioration, wherein the immediate viral particles collection begins [32]. To decrease the probability of influence of this factor on the study results, we measured pH in mediums with the components under studying. The obtained results are represented in Table 2. Table 2. pH measurement in mediums with the com- ponents under studying SCFA Raji C666-1 AGS 0 h 24 h 0 h 24 h 0 h 24 h Medium 8.0 7.78 7.8 7.5 7.8 7.6 Hydrochlorhydric acid 10 mM 6.5 7.2 6.0 7.4 6.0 7.5 Butyric acid 10 mM 6.5 7.6 6.1 7.7 6.0 7.5 TPA 8.0 8.0 7.8 7.7 7.8 7.3 In contrast to epithelial cells, blood cells in vivo have a more consistent life medium with the result that medium pH should be varied moderately, estimating the experiment effect life Optimum for normallymphoidcells is 7.35-7.40 [33], but for cancer Raji cells it is lower and is 6.5-7.0 [34]. It is due to the peculiarity of tumor processes development in organism, wherein glycolysis exchange is shifted towards increase in lactic acid production [35]. Acidity in nasopharynx is 5.5-6.5 and this makes C666-1 cells resistant to acidic medium [36]. AGS cell line is even more resistant because the normal acidity in gastric antrum varies widely between 1.3-7.4 pH [37]. Consequently, medium acidification factor during experiments does not influence the viral infection induction. We studied butyric acid influence on cell migration on the basis of CNE2 cell line. It was impossible to use C666-1 line because this cell culture does not form the level monolayer and grows in clusters, and it complicates significantly the interpretation of the obtained results. The results are represented in Fig. 8, which demonstrates the difference in cell migration Control 0 h Control 24 h Hydrochlorhydric acid 10 mM 0h Hydrochlorhydric acid 10 mM 24 h Butyric acid 10 mM 0 h Butyric acid 10 mM 24 h TPA 0 h TPA 24 h Fig. 8. Photos of dyed CNE2 cells under the microscope. after 24 hours in control cells and cells, treated with hydrochlorhydric acid. In cell cultures, treated with butyric acid and TPA, “scratch healing” was not observed visually. After the application measurement of the scratch square (Fig. 9), the obtained data testified to the fact that butyric acid and TPA reduce the cell ability to migrate nearly twice in comparison with hydrochlorhydric acid and the control. Fig. 9. Cell migration measurement (scratch size): 1 - 10 mM butyric acid, 2 - TPA, 3 - 10 mM hydrochlorhydric acid, 4 - control. The molecular metastasis mechanisms are being studied. Other issues should be noted: during multiplication cells produce specific growth factors which stimulate capillary and vascular networks formation around neoplasm cells, an this, in turn, allows tumor to get all nutrients, necessary for existence [38]. Frequently, time, required for first metastatic cells manifestation, is determined by the neoplasm type. CONCLUSIONS Analyzing RNA, extracted from the samples, in comparison with control, cells, treated with butyric acid, had a significant more than triple increase in BZLF1 and BRLF1 lytic genes expression in relation to GAPDH gene and BARTA gene. Moreover, this effect was not observed in case of hydrochlorhydric acid, which indicates the effect of precisely butyric acid as the histoneacetylase inhibitor. This conclusion was proved at the protein level by dint of Western blot analysis and the results appeared to be similar in all cell lines. Thus, we should consider the idea of butyric acid use in cancer diseases fight with caution because, despite the fact that butyric acid produces virus lytic replication in cells, destroying them, on the other hand, a large number of viral particles are freed in this process which can infect healthy cells, causing inflammation and variouscomplications. Lytic autonomous infection can be activated by several reasons, one of which is medium conditions deterioration, wherein the immediate viral particles collection begins. To decrease the probability of influence of this factor on the study results, we measured pH in mediums with the components under studying. The range of measured values was from 6.0 to 8.0 and is nearly optimal for growth and cell lines development under studying. Consequently, medium acidification factor did not influence the viral infection induction. It was demonstrated that butyric acid inhibits cell migration in vitro. The obtained data testify to the fact that butyric acid and TPAreduce the cell ability to migrate nearly twice in comparison with hydrochlorhydric acid and the control. This quality can be used for fight against the main cancer problem - metastasis.

Список литературы

1. Ianiro G., Bibbo S., Gasbarrini A., Cammarota G. Therapeutic Modulation of Gut Microbiota: Current Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives. Current Drug Targets, 2014, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 762-770.

2. Tlaskalová-Hogenová H., Štěpánková R., Kozáková H., Hudcovic T., Luca V., Tučková L., et al. The role of gut microbiota (commensal bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer: contribution of germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 2011, no. 8, pp. 110-120. doihttps://doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2010.67.

3. Topping D.L., Clifton P.M. Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Human Colonic Function: Roles of Resistant Starch and Nonstarch Polysaccharides. Physiological Reviews, 2001, vol. 81, no.3, pp. 1031-1064.

4. Hill M.J. Bacterial fermentation of complex carbohydrate in the human colon. Eur J Cancer Prev, 1995, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 353-358.

5. Cummings J.H. Microbial Digestion of Complex Carbohydrates in Man. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 1984, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 35-44.

6. Layden B.T., Angueira A.R., Brodsky M., Durai V., Lowe W.L. Short chain fatty acids and their receptors: new metabolic targets. Translational Research, 2013, vol. 161, no. 3, pp. 131-40.

7. Smitha J.G., Yokoyamab W.H., Germana J.B. Butyric Acid from the Diet: Actions at the Level of Gene Expression. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1998, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 259-297.

8. Natarajan N., Pluznick P.L. From microbe to man: the role of microbial short chain fatty acid metabolites in host cell biology.

9. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology, 2014, vol. 307, no.11, pp. 979-985.

10. Neish A.S. Microbes in Gastrointestinal Health and Disease. Gastroenterology, 2009, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 65-80.

11. Livesey G., Elia M., Cummings J.Y., Rombeau J.L., Sakata T. Short-chain fatty acids as an energy source in the colon: metabolism and clinical implications [Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids]. UK, Cambridge University Press, 2004. pp. 27-82.

12. Lin H.V., Frassetto A., Kowalik E.J., Nawrocki A.R., Lu M.M, Kosinski J.R., Hubert J.A., Szeto D., Yao X., Forrest G., Donald J. Butyrate and Propionate Protect against Diet-Induced Obesity and Regulate Gut Hormones via Free Fatty Acid Receptor 3- Independent Mechanisms. PLoS One, 2012, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. e35240. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035240.

13. Hsu C.H., Hergenhahn M., Chuang S.E., Yeh P.Y., Wu T.C., Gao M., Cheng A.L. Induction of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation in Raji cells by doxorubicin and cisplatin. Anticancer Res., 2002, vol. 22, no. 6C, pp. 4065-4071.

14. Feng W.H., Hong G., Delecluse H.J., Kenney S.C. Lytic Induction Therapy for Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive B-Cell Lymphomas. J. Virol, 2004, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 1893-1902.

15. Vinolo M.A., Rodrigues H.G., Renato T., Curi N., Curi R. Regulation of Inflammation by Short Chain Fatty Acids. Nutrients, 2011. vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 858-876.

16. Davie J.R. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by butyrate. J. Nutr., 2003, vol. 133, suppl. 7, pp. 2485S-2493S.

17. Imai K., Inoue H., Tamura M., Cueno M.E., Inoue H., Takeichi O., Kusama K., Saito I., Ochiai K. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis induces the Epstein-Barr virus lytic switch transactivator ZEBRA by histone modification. Biochimie, 2012, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 839-846.

18. Zhou X., Matskova L., Rathje L.Z., Xiao X., Gish G., Werner M., Ignatyev I., Yu N., Zhao W., Tian F., Hou B., Zhang Z., Pawson T., Chen F., Ernberg I. SYK interaction with ITGb4 suppressed by Epstein-Barr virus LMP2A modulates migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Oncogene, 2014, vol. 34, no. 34, pp. 4491-4509. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2014.380.

19. Park G.B., Park S.H., Kim D., Kim Y.S., Yoon S.H., Hur D.Y. Berberine induces mitochondrial apoptosis of EBV-transformed B cells through p53-mediated regulation of XAF1 and GADD45α. Int J Oncol., 2016, no. 26. doi:https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2016.3502.

20. Yin Q., Wang X., Roberts C., Flemington E.K., Lasky J.A. Methylation status and AP1 elements are involved in EBV-mediated miR-155 expression in EBV positive lymphoma cells. Virology, 2016, no. 494, pp. 158-167. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.005.

21. Kinch A., Sundström C., Tufveson G., Glimelius I. Association between HLA-A1 and -A2 types and Epstein-Barr virus status of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Leuk Lymphoma, 2016, no. 22, pp. 1-8.

22. Kanda T., Furuse Y., Oshitani H., Kiyono T. Highly Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Cloning and Functional Characterization of Gastric Cancer-Derived Epstein-Barr Virus Strains. J. Virol, 2016, vol. 90, no. 9, pp. 4383-93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00060-16.

23. Yang X., Nishida N., Zhao X., Kanegane H. Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol, 2015, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 462-471.

24. Machado C., Melo Salgado J., Monjardino L. The unexpected finding of a splenic infarction in a patient with infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein-Barr virus. BMJ Case Rep., 2015, pp. 24-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2015-212428.

25. Wille C.K., Nawandar D.M., Henning A.N., Ma S., Oetting K.M., Lee D., Lambert P., Johannsen E.C., Kenney S.C. 5-hydroxymethylation of the EBV genome regulates the latent to lytic switch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2015, vol. 112, no. 52, pp. E7257-E7265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513432112.

26. Rac J., Haas F., Schumacher A., Middeldorp J.M., Delecluse H.J., Speck R.F., Bernasconi M., Nadal D. Telomerase activity impacts on Epstein-Barr virus infection of AGS cells. PLoS One, 2015, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 36-45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123645.

27. Jung Y.J., Choi H., Kim H., Lee S.K. MicroRNA miR-BART20-5p stabilizes Epstein-Barr virus latency by directly targeting BZLF1 and BRLF1. J Virol, 2014, vol. 88, no. 16, pp. 9027-9037. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00721-14.

28. Murata T. Regulation of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation from latency. Microbiol Immunol, 2014, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 307-317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12155.

29. Yang Y.C., Yoshikai Y., Hsu S.W., Saitoh H., Chang L.K. Role of RNF4 in the ubiquitination of Rta of Epstein-Barr virus. J Biol Chem, 2013, vol. 288, no. 18, pp. 12866-12879. doi:https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.413393.

30. Wang F., Jiang C., Sun Q., Yan F., Wang L., Fu Z., Liu T., Hu F. Downregulation of miR-429 and inhibition of cell migration and invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Med Rep, 2016, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 3236-3242. doi:https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.4940.

31. Pegtel D.M., Subramanian A., Sheen T.S., Tsai C.H., Golub T.R., Thorley-Lawson D.A. Epstein-Barr-virus-encoded LMP2A induces primary epithelial cell migration and invasion: possible role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis. J Virol, 2005, vol. 79, no. 24, pp. 15430-15442.

32. Noch E., Khalili K. Oncogenic Viruses and Tumor Glucose Metabolism: Like Kids in a Candy Store. Mol Cancer Ther., 2012, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 14-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.

33. Tsurumi T., Fujita M., Kudoh A. Latent and lytic Epstein-Barr virus replication strategies. Reviews in Medical Virology, 2005, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 3-15.

34. Pierce C.W., Kapp J.A., Solliday S.M., Dorf M.E. Immune responses in vitro. J Exp Med., 1974, vol. 140, no. 4, pp. 921-938.

35. Wan L., Zhu S., Li Y., Liu S., Yang H., Li S., Li Y., Cheng J., Lu X. Production and characterization of LEA29Y, a variant of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin, in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2011, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 543-51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3277-4.

36. Choi S.Y.C., Collins C.C., Gout P.W., Wang Y. Cancer-generated lactic acid: a regulatory, immunosuppressive metabolite? J Pathol, 2013, vol. 230, no. 4, pp. 350-355.

37. Chaitow L., Gilbert C., Bradley D. Recognizing and Treating Breathing Disorders. UK, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2013. 320 p.

38. Chatterjea M.N., Shinde R. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry: Eighth Edition. Panama, Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc., 2012. 876 p.

39. Ayata R.E., Chabaud S., Auger M., Pouliot R. Behaviour of endothelial cells in a tridimensional in vitro environment. Biomed Res Int, 2015, 630461, pp. 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/630461.

Контент доступен под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Отправить рукопись Скачать PDF
Текст

Цитировать

Цитирований:

Подтверждение

Регистрация